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Trade and finance (Mu'amalat)

Debts: writing them, repaying them and being patient

The ruling in short

Allah commands writing down a debt that is for a fixed time (2:282) and says that if a person is in hardship, there should be a postponement until things are easy, and to forgive is better (2:280). The Prophet ﷺ said that the delay of a wealthy person in paying his debt is injustice and that the soul of the believer is held back by his debt until it is paid.

1For the borrower

  • Repay on time, and when he is able, repay at once. A wealthy person who delays is unjust.
  • Borrow only when needed, and with the intention to repay.
  • Repay with something equal, or better with no stipulation (the Prophet ﷺ repaid with better than he took).
  • Write down debts in a will, because a debt remains owed after death and is paid from the estate before the inheritance is divided.

2For the lender

  • Write the debt and its date, and have witnesses.
  • Be patient with the one in difficulty and, if possible, forgive some or all of it.
  • Take nothing extra as a condition, because that is riba.

3The one who cannot pay

  • He is given time until his circumstances improve. Imprisoning or harming him is not allowed.
  • A person in debt is among the eight categories who can receive zakat (9:60).

Where the schools differ

The four Sunni schools agree on the main ruling above and differ in these points. No school is preferred here.

  • A debtor who is able to pay but delays may be compelled to pay by the judge. One who truly cannot pay must be given time, and is not imprisoned.

The evidence

From the Quran

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِذَا تَدَايَنتُم بِدَيْنٍ إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلٍۢ مُّسَمًّۭى فَٱكْتُبُوهُ ۚ وَلْيَكْتُب بَّيْنَكُمْ كَاتِبٌۢ بِٱلْعَدْلِ ۚ وَلَا يَأْبَ كَاتِبٌ أَن يَكْتُبَ كَمَا عَلَّمَهُ ٱللَّهُ ۚ فَلْيَكْتُبْ وَلْيُمْلِلِ ٱلَّذِى عَلَيْهِ ٱلْحَقُّ وَلْيَتَّقِ ٱللَّهَ رَبَّهُۥ وَلَا يَبْخَسْ مِنْهُ شَيْـًۭٔا ۚ فَإِن كَانَ ٱلَّذِى عَلَيْهِ ٱلْحَقُّ سَفِيهًا أَوْ ضَعِيفًا أَوْ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَن يُمِلَّ هُوَ فَلْيُمْلِلْ وَلِيُّهُۥ بِٱلْعَدْلِ ۚ وَٱسْتَشْهِدُوا۟ شَهِيدَيْنِ مِن رِّجَالِكُمْ ۖ فَإِن لَّمْ يَكُونَا رَجُلَيْنِ فَرَجُلٌۭ وَٱمْرَأَتَانِ مِمَّن تَرْضَوْنَ مِنَ ٱلشُّهَدَآءِ أَن تَضِلَّ إِحْدَىٰهُمَا فَتُذَكِّرَ إِحْدَىٰهُمَا ٱلْأُخْرَىٰ ۚ وَلَا يَأْبَ ٱلشُّهَدَآءُ إِذَا مَا دُعُوا۟ ۚ وَلَا تَسْـَٔمُوٓا۟ أَن تَكْتُبُوهُ صَغِيرًا أَوْ كَبِيرًا إِلَىٰٓ أَجَلِهِۦ ۚ ذَٰلِكُمْ أَقْسَطُ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ وَأَقْوَمُ لِلشَّهَٰدَةِ وَأَدْنَىٰٓ أَلَّا تَرْتَابُوٓا۟ ۖ إِلَّآ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَٰرَةً حَاضِرَةًۭ تُدِيرُونَهَا بَيْنَكُمْ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَلَّا تَكْتُبُوهَا ۗ وَأَشْهِدُوٓا۟ إِذَا تَبَايَعْتُمْ ۚ وَلَا يُضَآرَّ كَاتِبٌۭ وَلَا شَهِيدٌۭ ۚ وَإِن تَفْعَلُوا۟ فَإِنَّهُۥ فُسُوقٌۢ بِكُمْ ۗ وَٱتَّقُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ ۖ وَيُعَلِّمُكُمُ ٱللَّهُ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيمٌۭ ﴿٢٨٢﴾

Hai orang-orang yang beriman, apabila kamu bermu'amalah tidak secara tunai untuk waktu yang ditentukan, hendaklah kamu menuliskannya. Dan hendaklah seorang penulis di antara kamu menuliskannya dengan benar. Dan janganlah penulis enggan menuliskannya sebagaimana Allah mengajarkannya, meka hendaklah ia menulis, dan hendaklah orang yang berhutang itu mengimlakkan (apa yang akan ditulis itu), dan hendaklah ia bertakwa kepada Allah Tuhannya, dan janganlah ia mengurangi sedikitpun daripada hutangnya. Jika yang berhutang itu orang yang lemah akalnya atau lemah (keadaannya) atau dia sendiri tidak mampu mengimlakkan, maka hendaklah walinya mengimlakkan dengan jujur. Dan persaksikanlah dengan dua orang saksi dari orang-orang lelaki (di antaramu). Jika tak ada dua oang lelaki, maka (boleh) seorang lelaki dan dua orang perempuan dari saksi-saksi yang kamu ridhai, supaya jika seorang lupa maka yang seorang mengingatkannya. Janganlah saksi-saksi itu enggan (memberi keterangan) apabila mereka dipanggil; dan janganlah kamu jemu menulis hutang itu, baik kecil maupun besar sampai batas waktu membayarnya. Yang demikian itu, lebih adil di sisi Allah dan lebih menguatkan persaksian dan lebih dekat kepada tidak (menimbulkan) keraguanmu. (Tulislah mu'amalahmu itu), kecuali jika mu'amalah itu perdagangan tunai yang kamu jalankan di antara kamu, maka tidak ada dosa bagi kamu, (jika) kamu tidak menulisnya. Dan persaksikanlah apabila kamu berjual beli; dan janganlah penulis dan saksi saling sulit menyulitkan. Jika kamu lakukan (yang demikian), maka sesungguhnya hal itu adalah suatu kefasikan pada dirimu. Dan bertakwalah kepada Allah; Allah mengajarmu; dan Allah Maha Mengetahui segala sesuatu.

وَإِن كَانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍۢ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلَىٰ مَيْسَرَةٍۢ ۚ وَأَن تَصَدَّقُوا۟ خَيْرٌۭ لَّكُمْ ۖ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ ﴿٢٨٠﴾

Dan jika (orang yang berhutang itu) dalam kesukaran, maka berilah tangguh sampai dia berkelapangan. Dan menyedekahkan (sebagian atau semua utang) itu, lebih baik bagimu, jika kamu mengetahui.

From the Sunnah

Sahih al-Bukhari 2287 Authentic collection

The point of the hadith: A wealthy person who delays paying his debt does injustice.

Read the Arabic text

حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مَالِكٌ، عَنْ أَبِي الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قَالَ ‏ "‏ مَطْلُ الْغَنِيِّ ظُلْمٌ، فَإِذَا أُتْبِعَ أَحَدُكُمْ عَلَى مَلِيٍّ فَلْيَتْبَعْ ‏"‏‏.‏

Read it on sunnah.com

Jami' at-Tirmidhi 1078

The point of the hadith: The soul of the believer is held back by his debt until it is paid.

Graded by

  • Ahmad Muhammad Shakir: Sahih
  • Al-Albani: Sahih
  • Zubair Ali Zai: Hasan
Read the Arabic text

حَدَّثَنَا مَحْمُودُ بْنُ غَيْلاَنَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ زَكَرِيَّا بْنِ أَبِي زَائِدَةَ، عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ نَفْسُ الْمُؤْمِنِ مُعَلَّقَةٌ بِدَيْنِهِ حَتَّى يُقْضَى عَنْهُ ‏"‏ ‏.‏

Read it on sunnah.com

This is general information, not a fatwa. For your own situation, ask a qualified scholar.

Fiqh questions

Debts: writing them, repaying them and being patient

Allah commands writing down a debt that is for a fixed time (2:282) and says that if a person is in hardship, there should be a postponement until things are easy, and to forgive is better (2:280). The Prophet ﷺ said that the delay of a wealthy person in paying his debt is injustice and that the soul of the believer is held back by his debt until it is paid.

Is this a fatwa?

No. It is a summary of well-known rulings with their evidence. For your own case, ask a qualified scholar.

What if my school differs from this answer?

Follow the view of the school you follow and the scholar who teaches you. The page lists the differences of the four schools.

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